Biology chapterwise important questions|class12|NEB

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plant anatomy

What are the different types of plant tissues? Describe their structure and functions.
Explain the structure of a dicot root. What are the different types of tissues present in a dicot root and what are their functions?
Compare and contrast the anatomy of a monocot and dicot root.
What are the different types of plant stem tissues? Describe their structure and functions.
Explain the structure of a monocot stem.
Compare and contrast the anatomy of a monocot and dicot stem.
Describe the different types of tissues present in a leaf.
Explain the differences between the internal structure of monocot and dicot leaves.
Describe the adaptations of leaves in plants that live in different environments.
What are the different types of meristematic tissues present in plants? Explain their functions and give examples of where they are found in the plant body.

plant physiology:

What are the different types of plant hormones? Describe their functions and effects on plant growth and development.
Explain the process of photosynthesis. What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
What is respiration in plants? Describe the different types of respiration and their importance in plant physiology.
Explain the role of enzymes in plant metabolism.
What is transpiration in plants? Describe the factors that affect the rate of transpiration.
How do plants uptake and transport nutrients from the soil? Describe the different mechanisms involved.
Explain the process of plant growth and development. What are the factors that influence plant growth?
What are the different types of plant stress, and how do plants respond to stress?
Describe the role of secondary metabolites in plant physiology.
What are the different types of plant movements? Describe their mechanisms and functions.

water relation

Here are some important questions related to water relations in plants:
What is water potential in plants? Explain how it affects water movement in plants.
Describe the process of water uptake by roots. How is water transported from roots to the rest of the plant?
What is the role of aquaporins in water transport in plants?
Explain the concept of osmosis and its importance in plant cells.
What is turgor pressure, and how is it related to water movement in plants?
Describe the process of transpiration in plants. What factors affect the rate of transpiration?
Explain the mechanism of stomatal regulation in plants. How does it help in water conservation?
What is the difference between apoplastic and symplastic water movement in plants?
How do different environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, affect water relations in plants?

from photosynthesis

Describe the different stages of the process.
What are the pigments involved in photosynthesis? Explain their functions.
Explain the structure and function of photosystem I and photosystem II.
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? What are the different types of chlorophyll?
Describe the Calvin cycle. How does it contribute to the production of glucose in plants?
Describe the different adaptations that plants have developed to improve their photosynthetic efficiency, such as leaf anatomy and stomatal regulation.

from respiration

What is respiration in plants? How is it different from photosynthesis?
Describe the different stages of cellular respiration in plants.
How is ATP produced during respiration in plants?
Describe their mechanisms and functions.
the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plants.
Describe the process of fermentation in plants. What is its importance in plant physiology?
What are the different adaptations that plants have developed to cope with low oxygen levels, such as in flooded soils?

from plant hormone

Here are some important questions related to plant hormones:
What are plant hormones? Describe their different types and functions.
Explain the role of auxins in plant growth and development.
What is apical dominance, and how is it regulated by plant hormones?
Describe the function of gibberellins in plant growth and development.
What is the role of cytokinins in cell division and differentiation in plants?
Explain the function of abscisic acid in plant growth and development, especially during stress conditions.
Describe the role of ethylene in plant physiology, including ripening and senescence.
how is photomorphogenesis regulated by plant hormones?
Describe the practical applications of plant hormones in agriculture, such as in crop yield improvement and pest management.

from plant growth and movement

Here are some important questions related to plant growth and movement:
What are the different types of plant movements? Describe their mechanisms and functions.
Explain the role of auxins in plant growth and development, including phototropism and gravitropism.
Describe the function of gibberellins in stem elongation and seed germination.
What is thigmotropism, and how is it regulated by plant hormones?
Explain the function of cytokinins in cell division and differentiation in plants.
Describe the role of ethylene in plant growth and development, including fruit ripening and abscission.
What is apical dominance, and how is it regulated by plant hormones?
Explain the concept of photoperiodism and its importance in plant growth and development.
Describe the practical applications of plant growth regulators in agriculture, such as in crop yield improvement and pest management.

from genetics

Here are some important questions related to genetics:
What is genetics? Describe the different branches of genetics.
Explain the structure and function of DNA. How is genetic information encoded in DNA?
Describe the process of DNA replication in detail.
What are genes? Explain the concept of gene expression and regulation.
Describe the different types of mutations, including their causes and effects.
What is genetic diversity explain its important in evolution and adaptation?
Explain the process of genetic recombination and its importance in creating genetic variation.
What are genetic disorders, and how are they inherited?
Describe the different types of genetic testing and their applications in medicine and research.
Explain the ethical issues related to genetics, such as genetic counseling, gene editing, and genetic discrimination.

from mendelian genetics

Describe Mendel's laws of inheritance, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
What is a Punnett square, and how is it used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses?
Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits.
What are alleles, and how do they determine the expression of a trait?
Describe the different types of genetic crosses, such as monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
Explain the concept of incomplete dominance and co-dominance.
What is a pedigree, and how is it used to trace the inheritance of genetic traits in families?
Describe the different patterns of inheritance for sex-linked traits.
Explain the concept of genetic linkage, including the role of recombination in creating genetic variation.

from linkage and crossing over

Here are some important questions related to linkage and crossing over in genetics:
What is genetic linkage, and how does it relate to the physical location of genes on a chromosome?
Describe the concept of crossing over, including its mechanism and role in creating genetic diversity.
What is a genetic map, and how is it used to determine the relative distances between genes on a chromosome?
Explain the difference between complete linkage, partial linkage, and independent assortment of genes.
What is a recombinant offspring, and how is it produced through crossing over?
Describe the different factors that affect the frequency of crossing over, such as chromosome structure, temperature, and radiation.
Explain how genetic linkage and crossing over can be used to create a genetic linkage map.
Describe the significance of genetic linkage and crossing over in genetic disorders, such as hemophilia and color blindness.
What is gene mapping, and how is it used to identify the location of disease-causing genes?
Explain the difference between intragenic and intergenic recombination, and their importance in creating genetic variation.

from mutations

Here are some important questions related to mutations in genetics:

What is a mutation, and how does it occur explain.
Describe the different types of mutations, such as point mutations, insertions, deletions, and chromosomal mutations.
What are the causes of mutations, such as errors during DNA replication, exposure to radiation, and exposure to chemicals?
Explain the difference between somatic mutations and germ line mutations.
What is the significance of mutations in evolution and adaptation?
Describe the different effects of mutations on the expression of genes, such as silent, missense, and nonsense mutations.
Explain the concept of frameshift mutations and their effects on protein synthesis.
What is genetic testing, and how is it used to identify genetic mutations in individuals and populations?

from embryology

What is embryology?
Describe the different stages of embryonic development,
What are the three germ layers, Explain the concept of cell differentiation and its role in the development of specialized cell types.
What is the significance of stem cells in embryonic development and tissue regeneration?
Describe the different types of embryonic development explain in detail.
What is metamorphosis, and how does it relate to embryonic development in certain organisms, such as insects and amphibians?
Explain the difference between determinate and indeterminate development.
What is the role of environmental factors in embryonic development, such as temperature and chemical signals?
Describe the different techniques used in assisted reproductive technology

from biotechnology

How is biotechnology being utilized to foster feasible agribusiness practices and increment food creation?
What is the capability of biotechnology in the improvement of customized medication, and how is this affecting the medical care industry?
What moral contemplations are related with the utilization of biotechnology in conceptive advances, like in vitro preparation and quality altering of undeveloped organisms?
How might biotechnology be utilized to address worldwide medical problems, for example, the advancement of antibodies and therapies for sicknesses like HIV/Helps and jungle fever?
What are the likely natural effects of biotechnology, like the utilization of hereditarily adjusted crops and the arrival of hereditarily changed organic entities into the climate?
How are propels in biotechnology being utilized to foster sustainable power sources, for example, biofuels and biogas?
What is the job of biotechnology in the advancement of biomaterials and nanotechnology, and what potential applications do these advances have in medication and different enterprises?
How might biotechnology be utilized to work on the creation and nature of food items, for example, meat substitutes and plant-based protein sources?
What are the expected cultural effects of biotechnology, for example, changes in the gig market and financial differences connected with admittance to biotechnology?
How might biotechnology be utilized to address environmental change and other natural difficulties, for example, the advancement of carbon catch and capacity innovations and bioremediation of contaminated conditions?
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Biology important questions|class12|NEB