SEMICONDUCTOR COMPLETE NOTES WITH NUMERICAL CLASS 12
Semiconductor devices are electronic parts that use the remarkable properties of semiconductor materials to control the progression of electrical flow. In Class 12, understudies ordinarily concentrate on the accompanying semiconductor devices:
Diodes: A diode is a semiconductor gadget that permits current to stream in just a single bearing. It is regularly comprised of a p-type semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor, which are associated by an intersection.
Semiconductors: A semiconductor is a semiconductor gadget that can be utilized as an intensifier or a switch. It is regularly comprised of three layers: a p-type semiconductor, a n-type semiconductor, and another p-type semiconductor.
Incorporated Circuits (ICs): A coordinated circuit is an assortment of interconnected semiconductors, diodes, and different parts that are created onto a solitary piece of semiconductor material. There are two sorts of ICs: advanced and simple.
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs): A Drove is a semiconductor gadget that emanates light when a current is gone through it. It is regularly comprised of a p-type semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor, which are associated by an intersection.
Sun oriented Cells: A sun based cell is a semiconductor gadget that changes over daylight into electrical energy. It is ordinarily comprised of a p-type semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor, which are associated by an intersection.
Thyristors: A thyristor is a semiconductor gadget that can be utilized as a switch or a rectifier. It is ordinarily comprised of four layers: a p-type semiconductor, a n-type semiconductor, another p-type semiconductor, and another n-type semiconductor.
Field Impact Semiconductors (FETs): A FET is a sort of semiconductor that can be utilized as an intensifier or a switch. It is regularly comprised of three layers: a source, a door, and a channel.
Generally speaking, the investigation of semiconductor devices in Class 12 includes grasping their working standards, qualities, and applications in electronic circuits.
sorts of diode
There are a few sorts of diodes, each with their own extraordinary qualities and applications. Here are the absolute most normal sorts:
Rectifier Diodes: Rectifier diodes are utilized to change over exchanging current (AC) to coordinate current (DC). They have a high forward voltage drop and are regularly made of silicon.
Zener Diodes: Zener diodes are intended to work in the converse breakdown district of the diode's trademark bend. They have an exceptionally doped p-n intersection and are utilized as voltage controllers.
Schottky Diodes: Schottky diodes are built utilizing a metal-semiconductor intersection, which brings about a lower forward voltage drop than a standard diode. They are normally utilized in fast exchanging applications.
Light Emanating Diodes (LEDs): LEDs are a sort of diode that produces light when an ongoing moves through it. They are ordinarily utilized as pointers, in lighting applications, and in shows.
Photodiodes: Photodiodes are intended to recognize light and convert it into an electrical flow. They are normally utilized in light sensors, sun oriented cells, and optical correspondence frameworks.
Varactor Diodes: Varactor diodes are utilized as voltage-controlled capacitors. They have a variable capacitance that changes with the applied voltage.
Burrow Diodes: Passage diodes are a sort of diode that shows a negative obstruction locale in its trademark bend. They are utilized in high-recurrence oscillators and speakers.
These are probably the most well-known sorts of diodes, each with their own remarkable attributes and applications in hardware.
pn junction diode
A junction diode is a two-terminal electronic gadget that is made out of a p-type semiconductor material and a n-type semiconductor material that are combined to frame a p-n intersection. At the point when a diode is forward-one-sided, the voltage across the diode permits current to stream effectively through the diode, while when it is opposite one-sided, very little current can stream.
The p-type material has abundance openings and the n-type material has overabundance electrons. Whenever the p-type material and n-type material are consolidated, the overabundance electrons from the n-type material diffuse across the intersection and join with the abundance openings in the p-type material. This structures an exhaustion district, which is a locale around the p-n intersection that has no versatile charge transporters. The exhaustion district forestalls flow stream in the opposite predisposition mode, as there are no free electrons or openings accessible to direct power.
In forward predisposition mode, the likely contrast across the p-n intersection permits the free electrons in the n-type material to move towards the p-type material, and the openings in the p-type material to move towards the n-type material. The exhaustion locale becomes more slender, and assuming the forward inclination is sufficient, the consumption area can vanish completely, and current can course through the diode.
The primary utilizations of diodes incorporate amendment (changing AC over completely to DC), voltage guideline, signal location, and exchanging. Intersection diodes are broadly utilized in electronic circuits, for example, power supplies, speakers, oscillators, and some more.
baising of pn intersection diode
Biasing a PN intersection diode alludes to applying an outside voltage to the diode to change its working mode from forward-one-sided to switch one-sided or the other way around. There are two principal sorts of biasing: forward predisposition and opposite inclination.
Forward inclination: In forward predisposition, the positive terminal of the voltage source is associated with the p-type semiconductor and the adverse terminal is associated with the n-type semiconductor. This makes a possible distinction across the diode that permits current to stream effectively through the diode. How much current that courses through the diode relies upon the greatness of the applied voltage and the properties of the diode.
Turn around predisposition: In switch predisposition, the positive terminal of the voltage source is associated with the n-type semiconductor and the adverse terminal is associated with the p-type semiconductor. This makes an expected distinction across the diode that goes against the progression of current through the diode. The converse predisposition voltage should be bigger than the opposite breakdown voltage of the diode to keep it from separating and leading in the converse heading.
The biasing of a PN intersection diode is significant on the grounds that it decides its working qualities and conduct in a circuit. Forward biasing is utilized in diode rectifiers and voltage controllers, while turn around biasing is utilized in diode trimmers and clampers, and in a few other particular applications like sun based cells.
It is likewise critical to take note of that the biasing of a diode can influence its temperature, which thusly can influence its exhibition. High forward predisposition flows can make the diode heat up, while high converse predisposition voltages can make the diode separate and lead in the opposite course. Thusly, legitimate biasing is essential for the dependable activity of a PN intersection diode.
amendment and kinds of rectifier
Correction is the most common way of changing over an exchanging current (AC) to an immediate current (DC). This is finished utilizing a gadget called a rectifier, which is regularly made out of at least one diodes. The diodes in the rectifier permit current to stream in just a single heading, successfully sifting through the negative half-patterns of the air conditioner waveform, and leaving just the positive half-cycles.
There are two fundamental sorts of rectifiers:
Half-wave rectifiers: A half-wave rectifier utilizes a solitary diode to correct the air conditioner signal. It permits only one-half of the air conditioner waveform to go through, actually removing the negative half-cycle. This sort of rectifier is straightforward and reasonable, however it isn't extremely effective as it squanders half of the approaching power.
Full-wave rectifiers: A full-wave rectifier utilizes two or four diodes to correct the air conditioner signal. It permits the two parts of the air conditioner waveform to be utilized, actually multiplying the result voltage of the rectifier. This kind of rectifier is more effective than a half-wave rectifier and is ordinarily utilized in power supplies.
Full-wave rectifiers can be additionally ordered into two kinds:
Focus tapped full-wave rectifiers: In this kind of rectifier, a middle tapped transformer is utilized to part the air conditioner voltage into equal parts. Every portion of the voltage is then corrected independently utilizing a diode. This sort of rectifier is not difficult to carry out and is regularly utilized in low-power applications.
Span rectifiers: In this kind of rectifier, four diodes are associated in an extension design to redress the air conditioner voltage. The diodes are organized with the end goal that the air conditioner voltage is applied across two diodes at some random time. This kind of rectifier is more proficient and is regularly utilized in high-power applications.
By and large, rectifiers are fundamental parts in numerous electronic circuits and are utilized in a great many applications, for example, power supplies, battery chargers, and engine control.
sorts of semiconductor
Semiconductors are three-terminal semiconductor devices that can be utilized to enhance or switch electronic signs. There are two primary sorts of semiconductors: bipolar intersection semiconductors (BJTs) and field-impact semiconductors (FETs).
Bipolar Intersection Semiconductors (BJTs): BJTs are made out of two p-n intersections and three doped districts: the producer, the base, and the gatherer. They are accessible in two kinds: NPN and PNP, contingent upon the extremity of the intersections.
NPN semiconductors have a dainty p-type base sandwiched between two n-type districts, the producer and the gatherer. At the point when a little current is applied to the base, a bigger current streams between the producer and the gatherer.
PNP semiconductors have a slight n-type base sandwiched between two p-type districts, the producer and the gatherer. At the point when a little current is applied to the base, a bigger current streams in
Field-Effect Transistors (FETs): FETs are composed of a channel of doped semiconductor material with a gate electrode above it. They are available in two types: Junction FET (JFET) and Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET).
Junction FET (JFET) has a single p-n junction that forms a depletion region around the gate. The gate voltage controls the width of the depletion region, which in turn controls the flow of current through the channel.
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) has a gate electrode separated from the channel by a thin insulating layer. The gate voltage controls the conductivity of the channel, which in turn controls the flow of current between the source and the drain.
Transistors are widely used in electronic circuits, such as amplifiers, oscillators, voltage regulators, and switches. They can also be combined in various configurations to create more complex circuits, such as operational amplifiers and digital logic gates.
logic gates and its types
Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform basic logical operations on one or more binary inputs to produce a binary output. There are several types of logic gates, including:
AND gate: An AND gate has two or more inputs and produces an output that is high (1) only if all inputs are high.
OR gate: An OR gate has two or more inputs and produces an output that is high if any one or more inputs are high.
NOT gate: A NOT gate (also called an inverter) has one input and produces an output that is the opposite of the input.
NAND gate: A NAND gate is a combination of an AND gate and a NOT gate. It has two or more inputs and produces an output that is low (0) only if all inputs are high.
NOR gate: A NOR gate is a combination of an OR gate and a NOT gate. It has two or more inputs and produces an output that is high only if all inputs are low.
XOR gate: An XOR gate (also called an exclusive OR gate) has two inputs and produces an output that is high if and only if exactly one input is high.
XNOR gate: An XNOR gate (also called an exclusive NOR gate) has two inputs and produces an output that is high if and only if both inputs are either high or low.
Logic gates can be combined to create more complex circuits, such as adders, multiplexers, and flip-flops. These circuits are used in a variety of applications, including digital signal processing, computers, and communication systems.
some important questions related to semiconductors:
What is doping and how does it affect the properties of a semiconductor?
- What is the difference between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor?
- How does a pn junction work and what are its applications?
- What is the difference between forward bias and reverse bias in a pn junction diode?
- What is a Zener diode and how does it work?
- What is a transistor and what are its types?
- What is the difference between a BJT and a FET?
- What is a MOSFET and how does it differ from a JFET?
- What is the difference between an amplifier and a switch and how can transistors be used as both?
- What is rectification and what are the different types of rectifiers?
- What is a voltage regulator and how does it work?
- What is an optoelectronic device and what are some examples?
- What are integrated circuits and how do they differ from discrete components?
- What is the difference between analog and digital electronics and what are some applications of each?
- What is a microcontroller and how is it different from a microprocessor?
- What is a sensor and how does it work?
- What is the difference between a photoconductive sensor and a photovoltaic sensor?
- What is a thyristor and how does it work?
- What is a field-effect transistor and how does it differ from a bipolar junction transistor?
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